Flexion – decrease in angle between articulating bones.
Extension – increase in angle between articulating bones, which is often to restore the anatomical position after a bone being flexed.
Lateral flexion – movement involving intervertebral joints in which the trunk moves towards the waist.
Hyperextension – continuing extension movement after the anatomical position.
Abduction – movement of bone away from midline.
Adduction – movement of bone towards midline.
Circumduction – movement of distal end of body part in a circle.
Rotation – a bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.
Elevation – upward movement of a part of the body.
Depression – downward movement of a part of the body.
Protraction – movement of body part anteriorly in the transverse plane.
Retraction – movement of a protracted part of body back to anatomical position.
Inversion – movement of the soles medially at intertarsal joints.
Eversion – movement of the soles laterally at intertarsal joints.
Dorsiflexion – bending of the foot at talocrural joint towards the knee.
Plantarflexion – bending of the foot at talocrural joint away from knee (i.e. planting the foot)
Supination – movement of forearm in which palm is turned superiorly.
Pronation – movement of forearm in which palm is turned inferiorly.
Opposition – movement of thumb across palm towards the tips of finger on same hand.
Resistance training - is a form of strength training in which each effort is performed against a specific opposing force generated by resistance (i.e. resistance from weights and machines etc). 
Pilates - originally described by Joseph Pilates, the programs focus on core postural muscles which maintains body balance and spinal support.  More than that Pilates is an intense workout.
Aerobic/Cardio training - refers to exercise that improves oxygen consumption by the body.  This uses the oxidative system of the body to produce energy (rather than the anerobic system). 
Isotonic exercises - exercises where a body part is moving against a force.
Isometric exercises - exercises where a body part is not moving against a resistance.
Carbohydrates - play major roles in energy, immune system, blood and development.  Carbs are not essential to the body as the body can obtain at its energy from protein and fats.  However the brain and central nervous system require glucose to perform optimally, which is directly drawn from carbohydrates.  Foods such as potatoes, rice, pasta, breads and cereals are high in carbohydrates.
Protein - Proteins are organic compounds made up of individal amino acids and joined together by peptide bonds. Proteins are found in many foods however the meats tend to have a higher content such as chicken breast, tuna and beef. 
Supine - Lying flat on your back.
Prone - Lying flat on your stomach.